The Development Of DorothyThe Movie The Wizard Of Oz Opens On A Farm I

The Development of DorothyThe film The Wizard of Oz opens on a homestead in Kansas. The lead character is a twelve-year-old young lady named Dorothy. Dorothy exists in a world restricted by matured convictions and fears, which make up an extraordinary piece of her existence. In Kansas, Dorothy is a twelve-year-old young lady, with twelve-year-old needs and feelings. I feel that the film is a gadget by which we can break down Dorothy in all perspectives, her cognizant, pre-cognizant, and oblivious. I accept that Sigmund Freud's standards on the structure of character and dreaming will help in understanding Dorothy's development, needs, and needs. Dorothy in her cognizant state battles to be heard and comprehended. She is troubled and unfit to confer her sentiments of upset and trepidation to an open ear. Her id shows itself with the longing for sure fire satisfaction, invigorated by her dread that the character Ms. Ravine will annihilate Toto. Similarly as Dorothy can account for hers elf to her supporting Aunt and Uncle, the Gulch character enters. Gorge takes Toto from Dorothy, with no regret, stuffs the pooch in a bushel, and leaves. Dorothy races to her space to sob and twists up into a fetal position. The fetal position is her oblivious want for calming and having a place. Her sobbing is stopped by the arrival of her canine Toto, who had the option to outmaneuver Gulch. Quickly Dorothy starts blending thoughts of fleeing in order to shield her darling Toto from peril. Still inspired by id like instinct, Dorothy escapes with Toto. I accept that her id is solid, but at the same time is being checked by inner self. Fleeing is id like, however ensuring Toto is personality's capacity to keep id in check.A meandering teacher intrudes on Dorothy's departure from her homestead. Teacher Marvel produces sentiments of miracle and solace in Dorothy. She trusts he will have the option to spare her and Toto from the underhanded grips of Ms. Ravine. Wonder sits Dorothy dow n and endeavors to peruse her fortune in his precious stone ball. He brings Dorothy to the acknowledgment that fleeing was not right, and in doing so she hurt her Auntie. I accept that since she is so youthful, Dorothy needs an outside superego to furnish her with a proportionate measure of blame for what she is doing. She understands that she wasn't right and runs home.Dorothy's arrival home is trailed by a tempest conveying a tornado. The tornado may imply a lingering disturbance in Dorothy's oblivious psyche, yet dually goes about as a movement for Dorothy. She comes back to her home to discover everybody has vanished into the tempest basement. Scared by the tempest, she comes back to her room and falls down on her bed. Dorothy is thumped oblivious by the window shade as it flies open and hits her in the head. She is propelled into a subjective oblivious state. The tornado turns numerous natural appearances and things past her window until at long last she observes Ms. Ravine's c hange from old maid, to the insidious witch of the west. Abruptly everything is tranquil and back to ordinary, or so it appears. Dorothy warily strolls to the front entryway and opens it to discover the heaven that is Oz. The entryway opening means her total change from cognizant to oblivious. The twister was the power that stirred her obviousness and inundated her in fairyland - Oz. Dorothy rises up out of her home to be told, by the great witch of the north Glinda, that the underhanded witch of the east has been crushed by the Kansas habitation. We are continually making and changing our world, as a dreamscape and I accept that the passing of the shrewd witch is Dorothy's method of adapting to her past dread of Gulch. The innovative potential inside the fantasy effectively changes clashing material and uncertain sentiments, into ameliorating or justifiable images.Dorothy is presently gone up against with a craving to get back. Before she can loosen up she is indeed acquainted with one more image of malevolence, the Wicked Witch of the west. After dangers from the devilish witch, Dorothy is prompted by the great witch to request the assistance of the Wizard of Oz. She is advised by local people to

Health and Safety Essay

The wellbeing and security act comprises of different standards, these are actualized to guarantee representatives are protected while at work, this doesn’t simply apply those the individuals who are utilized by an organization it applies to any one who enters the structure including proficient bodies I.e region medical attendants, And general experts the enactment is comprised of COSHH,RIDDOR,The manual taking care of tasks guidelines, the wellbeing and wellbeing emergency treatment guidelines and the executives of wellbeing and security at work guidelines, I will recognize and compose a concise portrayal on how these enactments identify with my activity job and workplace. *Reporting any episodes or events puts an obligation on a business o report genuine work environment mishaps ,word related maladies and any close misses* this goes under RIDDOR, announcing of injuries,diseases and risky events guidelines 1995 ( corrected 2008 ),it is a lawful prerequisite to report any mishaps and occournences. In my work setting if and mishap or perilous occournence,for model an excursion slip or fall, I will report this a mishap report book regardless of how minor. It is a lawful prerequisite for my manager to have this technique set up to track mishaps and occournences, and my work foundation conforms to wi the necessities of the DATA PROTECTION ACT 1988, by having remove o pages that are recorded and not open to unapproved people. Another guideline is the *health and wellbeing medical aid regulation1981* And in case of injury or abrupt ailment failier to give the right practice could have deadly results.The wellbeing and security emergency treatment guidelines necessitate that a business give right gear, offices and faculty to guarantee their representatives or customers, get quick consideration in the event that they become sick or harmed at work the guideline applies to all work settings including mine,adequate arrangements will comprise of emergency treatment boxes, and medical aid rooms at my work setting their is consistently a prepared first aider on location including nightshifts. The COSHH enactment is placed in place,this guarantees the business does a hazard appraisal on any substance unsafe to wellbeing I.e medication,cleaning items and some more, if not utilized effectively the business will asses the dangers and settle on a choice on what precautionary measures will be expected to guarantee a safety.Relating to my work setting prescription is COSHH issue. What's more, just a senior carer who has had full medicine preparing and has been evaluated and seen as compitant can direct medication.medication is put away in a trolly which is then put away in a prescription pantry which is bolted consistently except if being used and is just available to approved clients, again my seniro will have finished a hazard appraisal for this circumstance to guarantee the right move is made and the wellbeing and security is right and all representatives are educated on the circumstance I follow my work foundations approaches and methods the strategies and systems organizer can be found in the medical attendants station and an extra duplicate in the troughs office, their are various arrangements that are to be followed some of which incorporate ââ€" ªCare of kicking the bucket strategy ââ€" ªEqual openings strategy ââ€" ªLocking entryway in home strategy ââ€" ªEvacuation of the home strategy The envelope comprises of 422 policy’s and is required that once the strategy has been perused and comprehended e representatives or director are required to date and sign. While at work I guarantee that I bolster others to comprehend and follow sheltered and great hygenie rehearses i.e visit hand washing and glove changes.i additionally guarantee that myself as well as other people are we’re right ppe, and utilize the hardware required, and furthermore chance asses any circumstance I might be in. I additionally screen and report potentiometers wellbeing and dangers by checking all hardware preceding use for e.g lift slings and wheelchairs.if I discover any issues or concerns I will report this to my administrator and ensure all staff know that it is out of utilization, anyway something minor I.e a grimy wheelchair or edge is something I can deal with myself and guarantee it is cleaned effectively. Hazard evaluations are set up to guarantee the wellbeing of a people needs , these appraisals change as various individuals have various requirements these asesments can extend from portability to mental limit, eating and toasting individual consideration. In my work setting their are customers who need assistance with their own consideration, and their other people who just need help with washing or showering and can do their very own consideration. Preceding appearance to my home a customer will have been surveyed by a senior Carer, and the data will be placed into a consideration plan which I and my partners will at that point read so we no all data about a customer. I work on limiting potential dangers by following the entirety of my work place strategies and methodology and completing and utilizing hazard asesments, wearing right ppe consistently and rehearsing great hand cleanliness and ensuring the work place is in every case perfect and clean and their are no dangerous substances available to customers I additionally work on limiting dangers by ensuring the structure is secure by shutting entryways and keeping outer entryways bolted. There are various mishaps that may occour in a home some of which are trips,slips and tumbles from wet or worn floor coverings, dioreah or upchuck and so on in case of somebody falling in the work setting various techniques will take. Spot, for instance if a staff part falls they may get up and feel fine it is basic that it is archived in the mishap report book, then again if a customer falls carers won't move them until proficient assistance has shown up the customer will be caused to feel great and relying upon e circumstance might be placed into he recuperation persition,this again will be recorded into the mishap report book. I bolster partners to follow rehearses that decrease the spread of contamination by guaranteeing that we generally where right ppe, and practice great hand cleanliness and utilizing liquor rubs yet not as a proportionate to hand washing. I likewise support by guaranteeing my associate and I discard dangerous substances in the right way. Ways that I guarantee my own wellbeing and hygenie do no represent a hazard to others I generally have clean uniform when going to work, to guarantee I don't bring any airborn infections I.e MRSA I likewise advise my trough on the off chance that I get and infection like D&V and won't come back to work until I am away from the infection for 48 hours on appearance back to work I will fill in an arrival to work structure. The manual handlings tasks 1992 guidelines, expects bosses to maintain a strategic distance from all manual dealing with where their is danger of injury.the enactment additionally expresses that a hazard evaluation must occur and followed effectively to limit any potential dangers. In the event that I need any extra help or data I ask my chief, senior carers, or individual associates. I can likewise get to any data I don't know about in my approaches and techniques envelope. At my work foundation their are two organizers in the attendants station that are acessable to any staff part that are uncertain on a specific subject a portion of these are ââ€" ªMeeting customers dietary needs ââ€" ªCleanliness and contamination control These organizers are developed of helpful data and approaches that are applicable to each subject. Manners by which I help practice to keep fires from beginning and spreading , are guaranteeing that I realize my work setting fire security strategy go to all fire wellbeing training,I additionally make that I ensure that I know where my fire get together point is. I likewise ensure that there are no waste paper containers flooding or whatever else that could assist a fire with spreading or start, my working setting additionally had a no smoking policy,so I additionally guarantee I smoke in the assigned smoking are.if a fire was to begin , crisis administrations would be reached and the structure emptied , and go directly to the fire gathering point.i likewise request that any guests sign in and out and let them know were the fire security point is. The marking in book will decided what number of individuals are in the structure on arival of the crisis administrations. Strategies are as followed at my work foundation and numerous others ââ€" ªNever let any one in the structure in without marking in.and proficient bodies will have I’d on show consistently check is ââ€" ªIf I am uncertain about a people character for e.g a guest relying upon the psychological limit of the individual, inquire as to whether this individual recollects this guest if this is beyond the realm of imagination telephone a closest relative. Individual data is fundamental in my work setting, all occupants Care plans inlcude day by day food and liquid admission, mental limit and all significant data on an individual is kept in envelopes in a bolted cabinet that isn't available to any unapproved people. I ensure y,mown security and of others by ensuring I have the right ppe on consistently and don't have any jewerly on while at work, and ensure every outside entryway are closed, and doors at the top and base of steps are closed and bolted. I likewise guarantee others no of my whereabouts while at work, to guarantee that an individual carer is their to help the floor, regardless of whether I am helping somebody to go the can I make somebody mindful I am of the floor. Comon indications of stress can be exceptionally simple to detect a portion of these incorporate ââ€" ªadgitation ââ€" ªBeing passionate and irascible ââ€" ªNot finishing employments appropriately ââ€" ªWeight misfortune or weight gain ââ€" ªSmoking more ââ€" ªAlcohol gorging My self sign for pressure is ââ€" ªConstant stressing ââ€" ªWeight gain ââ€" ªBeing over passionate and smart ââ€" ªFeeling low and sickly My own feelings of anxiety are activated by unstructured circumstances, e.g understaffing at work have made me feel pushed and when I am uncertain of a circumstance cause me to feel somewhat focused. My techniques for dealing with my own feelings of anxiety are having a composed arrangement of what My principle errands are th

Different Dental Essay Topics You Can Use to Prepare for Your College Essay

Different Dental Essay Topics You Can Use to Prepare for Your College EssayThe best way to prepare for your college essay is to get a few different essay topics that you can incorporate into your essay. Most college courses have a small selection of essay topics and most of these do not require you to write a long essay. These short essays will help you get a feel for how to write a good essay and it is essential that you write a short essay.You should first decide on what the essay will be about. Try to find an area in which you have some knowledge and experience and base your essay around that topic. It will help to create a topic that is easy to understand and that will be able to offer you a real feeling for the subject matter.Once you have a topic in mind, it is time to start brainstorming possible topics to write about in your essay. Start by taking a trip to your local library and getting a book on dentistry. There are many great books available that will give you tips on how to write a good essay and ideas on how to prepare for your essay. You may even be able to find a book on dental topics that will provide you with specific advice.After you find some books that you can use, go to your dental school or search online for some dental topics to write about. Try to find as many essay topics as possible for different subjects. It is best to choose a few that you know a little about so that you can get some experience writing about those topics.Once you have a few topics that you can use, it is time to figure out how to research the information you will need for the essay. Many students find that they need to know more about the topic they are writing about before they can begin writing. Make sure that you find an essay editor to proofread your essay and make sure that you read through your work before submitting it. The editor will be able to tell you what needs to be changed or deleted and will also be able to tell you if you are getting a true sense of w hat you are writing about.You should also look for research and free material. Make sure that you take advantage of your local library. Some books on dental topics are only available at your local library so you can use the library as a great resource. Also, many people often find out how to write a good essay when they take a free dental class so it is best to look into these classes.Many libraries also have internet access that is free to access and this will give you the opportunity to access resources that you never would have found before. If you cannot find some sort of resource at your local library, you may want to try searching online. You may find many great resources that you did not know existed. A lot of the things that you will find can be used for your essay as well.Many students find that it is best to try to cover a wide variety of topics on their dental essay topics. Research is key and finding the resources that you need to help you write a good essay is crucial. Having a broad range of topics allows you to find topics that are interesting to you without being totally focused on one particular topic.

An Internship At Apg Asset Management After Graduating...

My decision to take a degree in Real Estate Finance and Investment was prompted during my internship at APG Asset Management after graduating college. I have always loved everything about the business and finance world and will fight hard to have a place in it. Unlike most kids, it took real life work experience for me to know where I wanted to go in life. I was lucky enough to have an internship at an Asset Management firm the summer out of my undergrad. It was fascinating to me, working with the Portfolio Analysts at APG and tracking the performance and progress of existing investments. I was intrigued and also intimidated with the way the Analysts understood and spoke about the investments that they oversaw. I was also the only female on the team so that took some getting used to as well. I knew that this would be a challenge for me but I wanted in, I wanted to understand this world. From then on, I have dedicated myself to learn, grow and flourish in the business world. I learne d how to analyze quarterly reports from multiple assets and gave my projections based on my own ideas and thoughts. This was only the beginning, but doing so improved my abilities to express my ideas clearly and concisely and I developed a better understanding on how the finance side of real estate operates. I am currently enrolled in a Continuing Education Certificate course for Real Estate Finance at The City College of Baruch which will be completed in August. I am taking this course so

How Industrialization and Urbanization at the Turn of the...

At the turn of the century, Industrialization and Urbanization brought prosperity to Canada and Canadians by improving and altering their livelihoods for both positive and negative reasons. According to the authors, Industrialization and urbanization led to the growth of the economy, development of the east, west and central cities, increase of rural to urban migration, the rise of the middle class and the recognition of women in the work force. Financial Investment through banks, foreign, government and private investors led to a boost in the Canadian economy. (Francis, Jones, Smith 132). These investments accelerated industrialization and urbanization causing an influx of large banks, commercial institutions and transportation†¦show more content†¦However, it can be argued that mechanization caused the loss of job opportunities to Canadians in rural areas because human and manual labour was replaced by machines that did twice as much work and functioned better. An example of this is the â€Å"iron chink† that replaced Asian workers (Francis, Jones, Smith 139). Due to Urbanization, a lot of Canadians were educated and trained in multiple trades according to the authors. Women were educated in factory, clerical and teaching professions while the men worked in the mines and construction. This huge step towards female recognition in the workplace was a big contrast from their previous roles of home making and taking care of domestic chores. As stated by the authors, women were eventually allowed to practice professional careers. An example of this is Emily Jennings Stowe who became the first female Canadian to set up a hospital in Toronto whilst her daughter, Augusta Stowe became the first female to receive a Canadian medical degree (Francis, Jones, Smith 158). Industrialization caused an upsurge of immigration in the urban centers leading to the acceleration of urbanization (Francis, Jones, Smith 137). However, this rapid population growth soon s tarted to cause problems. These include the emergence of slums in highly populated centers, lack of proper sanitation, deterioration of health and the rise of prohibition evident through the number taverns,Show MoreRelatedHistory3241 Words   |  13 PagesAmerica) Rise of nationalism Industrialization Global transitions: the americas, the ottoman empire, Romanov Russia, Qin China, Japan. Global empires. Atlantic Revolutions: In the early modern period (1450-1750. Period of early European exploration and contact. It caused the establishment of european commercial empires. Primary tributary, it focused on trade, and some settler comics. This caused there to be â€Å"nation-states†, in tern proto-industrialization in europe (innovation) EuropeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American HistoricalRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pagesgreat importance for the development of the science of social work. http://eris.osu.eu/index.php?kategorie=35174id=5176 IN AN ERA OF CHANGE †¦to reach an understanding of what Social Welfare / Social Work is?.. the issues it should address.. how it should be carried out?†¦ social workers travelled a long path†¦and it is worth knowing 3 S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding history throughRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesto customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Hence it can be surmised that marketing is basically meeting unmet needs for target markets, identifying those unmet needs and planning how to meet them through products, services, and ideas. Communicating the value to them along with pricing which is affordable and profitable and also distributing the products so that customers have appropriate accessibility and have quick and easy delivery

An Illustration of Monastic Life in the 14th Century...

Jean-Jacques Annaud, The Name of the Rose historical fiction murder mystery illustrates monastic life in the 14th century. This medieval film takes place in a remote Benedictine abbey in Northern Italy. Annaud is historically successful in recounting monastic life during the Middle Ages. The enriching backdrop of this film presents the culture of monastic life. The setting is beautifully examined and replicated to show the distinct and complicated architecture of the times. The characterization of the monks is distinct in their appearance common to medieval times. As well, through the plot and dialogue, the implication of religious, social and political aspects of monastic life is delivered. The combination of these three details†¦show more content†¦The buildings had barrel vaults columns and windows and doors with rounded arches. The buildings were solid and heavy with small windows which made the insides very dimly lit. This lack of light is apparent in the film as a way to describe the general mindset and lifestyle of monastic life in the Middle Ages. Romanesque architecture is known for its large internal spaces. Annaud uses these Middle Age details in his construction of the set. As Professor Russell describes in the Medieval Culture lecture the different rooms of the monastery contained the cloister which connected the dormitory, refectory, scriptorium, kitchen, cellar, and herbal garden. The small windows, arched doorways and the non-human void of expressivity capitals and sculptures were all true to the times. Annaud constructed this Romanesque church set built specifically to shoot majority of the film. The attention and detail that he put into making sure that the backdrop provided a true and accurate account for how religious architecture was in the Middle Ages furthered the success of the film. Characterization was immensely important in producing an accurate image of medieval life in The Name of the Rose. In a monastery, people would come from different regions to live. To show that diversity Annaud did an impressive job finding actors to play the distinctive role of each monk. Annaud claims that he specifically chose those actors for the representation of the realness that the emotional

Employee Motivation Aspect of the Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Employee Motivation for Aspect of the Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction According to Safiullah (2015) motivation is the force that drives people to perform at their best in their jobs. Motivation is the fundamental aspect of the human resource management. It is the lack of motivation that drives current employees to apply systematic soldiering in the workplace. This is the core reason why companies incur heavily to train and offer other benefits as they way of motivation. Forms of motivation vary from organization to organization. The most used forms of motivation are appreciation, bonuses, compensation and other fringe benefits. Sometimes motivation mechanisms employed may not serve as the driving force among the employees towards the achievement of the organizational desired goals. This places a challenge to human resource managers on how to develop effective motivation system and what really should motivate an employee. Some scholars such as Hackman and Oldham argued that interesting, challenging and important jobs from the employees perspective form the basis of motivation. This essay supports the argument of this two earliest scholars. It seeks to discuss how challenging, interesting and important jobs motivate employees to the extent of enhancing their job performance, increasing their job satisfaction, reducing labor turnover and absenteeism. Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman (1959) in the work Herzberg Hygiene Theory acknowledged that interesting jobs serve as the way of motivating employees. Similarly, Lai (2011) noted that challenging work is the great motivating factor as it keeps an employee engaged as well interested in his or her task. In support Uzonna (2013) noted that it is the duty of the managers to provide employees with challenging tasks to motivate employees. Findings indicate that many employees prefer overcoming a difficult and challenging duty than easy and unchallenging jobs that results to boredom. Dobre (2013) argued that in the situation where tasks become more challenging the participation of the management should intervene through training and provision of necessary resources as the way of enhancing employees morale. This was supported by a survey conducted by Uzonna (2013) that indicated that challenging issues at the workplace have positive impacts on the employee motivation. On the other side, job i mportance is also a source of motivation to the employees. When the employees feel that their job is good, they will increase their employment relationship with the employer as a way of ensuring their job security in the long run. It is clear that job importance, interesting and challenging jobs lead to employee motivation. As the result, this contributes to improved job performance. The concept of employee motivation and organizational performance has been in place since the 1920s when the organizations strived to outweigh between improved performance and the quality of employees(Drucker, 1995). Findings indicate that the environment of motivation within the organization creates inner motivation among the employees. In return, employees are triggered improve their work performance and become more willingly to help their colleagues. According to Bartol and Martin (1998) as cited by Dobre (2013) motivation is the important facility that reinforces employees and behavior and triggers them to work at their best in the line with organization strategies and policies. Employee performance depends on various factors such as training and development, appraisals and motivation. However, Dobre (2013) noted that only employee motivation which has had a significance impact on the performance improvement. Similarly, Kamalian, Yaghoubi, Moloudi (2010) had acknowledged that when an employee is motivated he or she aligns his her goals with those of the organization and channels his or effort in the same direction with the organization. This results in the success of the organization as the employees continuously try to improve their work performance to match the organization pace. The studies indicate the employees who are more satisfied tend to deliver better than non-motivated workers(Uzonna, 2013). In todays talent knowledge management, managers need to design the tasks that are more challenging and satisfying as the way of improving employees morale. According to Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman, (1959) in the work of Herzbergs Hygiene Theory of motivation individuals are influenced by two factors. There are those influence motivation and others that enhance job satisfaction. Hygiene factors that contribute to job satisfaction include job security, improved working conditions, supervision, pay and benefits among many others. Hygiene factors impact on the level of employee satisfaction and greatly influence his or her retention. Herzberg argued that if they are not fulfilled, they result to job dissatisfaction forcing employees to look for employment opportunities in other organizations. However, the findings indicate the continued increase of hygiene factors will not at certain levels have a neutral impact on the job performance or satisfaction. Therefore, for the realization of continued job satisfaction and retention of employees hygiene factors should be supplemented with challenging tasks. The case study by Nawaz, Iqbal, Ali, Shaukat, Usman (2010) conducted by the University of Punjab in Pakistan indicated that motivating factors play a crucial role in improving job satisfaction. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Herzberg motivation and hygiene theory among the non-academic staff of the University of Punjab in Pakistan. The study found the intrinsic motivational factors such as positive perception about the organization, professional growth, the opportunity for advancement, work itself and recognition result to job satisfaction among the targeted group of employees. Therefore, it evident that there exist a relationship between motivation and job satisfaction. When the organization provides, motivational climate employees will feel appreciated and valued and thus develop a feeling of deriving satisfaction from their job(Mahmood Mahmood, 2010). Another study conducted by Singh Tiwari (2011) on the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction among the white collar job employees found that it, there exist a solid relationship between motivation and job satisfaction. The findings of the study found that motivation was the function of job satisfaction and thus the increase in the value of motivation resulted in increasing in job satisfaction among the employees. Again, the correlation test concluded that there was a solid relationship between the level of motivation rendered to the employees by the employer and value of job satisfaction. However, the study attributed job satisfaction among the employees to compensation package according to the respondents who were engaged. From these two case studies, it is undisputable that motivation results to job satisfaction and thus organization should focus on improving motivation factors such as compensation package to improve the employees job morale. Labor turnover is one of the most serious aspects that affect organization performance(Sajjad, Ghazanfar, Ramzan, 2013). However, effective employee motivation will improve employees performance and loyalty. This will ensure that the employee feels more linked to the organization and thus reduce the chances of leaving the organization. Motivation theories have clearly portrayed that the long-term existence of an employee in a particular organization is attributable to the employer motivation. Management by Objectives theory by Drucker (1995) argued that employees will be motivated by the objectives and goals set in place. Managers adopting this theory ensure that the employees are included in the strategic decision-making process where necessary. This makes the employees feel like the partners of the organization but not like any other organization resource which should be utilized and compensated in return. Studies indicate that failing to put this strategy in place will result in loss of some of the best-talented employees hence minimizing the competitive advantage of the organization in the industry. Similarly, the aspects of Theory X and Theory Y by McGregor (2006) suggests that lack of employee motivation in the workplace aggravate, confuse and disappoint employees resulting into high labor turnover. Alternatively, Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Maslow (1970) argue that if all progressive needs in the hierarchy are not met, it may result in the employees evicting the organization in search of an opportunity elsewhere where they can fulfill their needs. Therefore, the organization should always ensure appropriate motivation mechanism is in place to reduce high rates of employee turnover. Studies indicate that apart from illness, the other reasons that contribute to employee absenteeism is stress. An employee may be stressed due to the poor relationship between their supervisors or managers. This clearly denotes that an employee is experiencing job dissatisfaction. Again, this can be associated with the lack of motivation by the company. Findings indicate the lack of motivation mostly contribute to reduced employee performance, job dissatisfaction and hence absenteeism. The only way managers can reduce the rate of absenteeism is by increasing motivation. Organization recruits the best employees willing to help the organization achieve its strategic goals, but this will not happen if the employees are motivated. Motivated employees feel as they have a share in the company, and thus they always like to be involved in the organization daily activities. Conclusion Motivation is a very crucial aspect of the organization. Motivated employees establish their goals in line with that of the organization. They always feel that they are part of the company and thus channel all their efforts for the success of the company. Again, employee motivation minimizes the problems and conflicts which sometimes exist between the employers and the employees. This is because the employees appreciate and value the efforts of their organization once it shows the interest of improving their welfare. Therefore, it the responsibility of the managers to exercise different forms of motivation to ensure employee loyalty, job satisfaction, improved performance and reduced employee turnover and absenteeism. Job importance, challenging and interesting jobs have proved to be crucial in ensuring employee motivation, and thus organization should adopt these aspects. References Kamalian, R. A., Yaghoubi, M. N., Moloudi, J. (2010). Survey of Relationship between Organizational Justice and Empowerment (A Case Study). European Journal of Economics, Finance, and Administrative Sciences, 2(4), 165-171. Dobre, O.-I. (2013). Employee motivation and organizational performance. Review of Applied Socio- Economic Research, 5(1), 53-61. Drucker, P. F. (1995). People and performance: The best of Peter Drucker on management. Routledge. Herzberg, Mausner, F., Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York. : John Wiley Sons. Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A Literature Review. New York: Pearson. Mahmood, A., Mahmood, A. (2010). Effect of Work Motivation on Job Satisfaction in Mobile Telecommunication Service Organizations of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(11), 213-222. Maslow, A. (1970). EAotivation and Personality, New York: Harper Row. McGregor, D. (2006). The human side of the enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nawaz, M. M., Iqbal, N., Ali, I., Shaukat, Z., Usman, A. (2010). Effects of Motivational Factors on Employees Job Satisfaction a Case Study of University of the Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(3), 10. Safiullah, A. B. (2015). Employee Motivation and its Most Influential Factors: A study on the Telecommunication Industry in Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 79 92. Sajjad, A., Ghazanfar, H., Ramzan, M. (2013). The Impact of Motivation on Employee Turnover in Telecom Sector of Pakistan. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(1), 76-92. Singh, S. K., Tiwari, V. (2011). Relationship Between Motivation And Job Satisfaction Of The White Collar Employees: A Case Study. Management Insight, 7(2), 31-38. Uzonna, U. R. (2013). The impact of motivation on employees performance: A case study of CreditWest Bank Cyprus. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 5(5), 199-211.

Labovian Narrative Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

In this paper. I perform a narrative analysis on an â€Å"oral narration of personal experience† ( Labov. 2011 ) . As follows. Section 1 discusses the methodological analysis used to execute the analysis. Section 2 discusses the construction of the narrative and presents the consequences of the analysis. and Section 3 concludes with a sum-up of the narrative and analyses. Section 1: Methodology For this analysis. I used a personal experience that is termed an evoked narration. which means I asked the person to portion a narrative alternatively of trusting on of course happening colloquial informations ( Labov. 1997 ) . The narrative is told by a household relation of mine. Lisa. It is about a extrasensory experience she had as a kid in Sydney. Australia and involves the independent motion of a tabular array while Lisa and others were at an unfastened house. To analyse Lisa’s narrative. I used Labov’s original theoretical account of narrative. which breaks down a narrative into distinguishable classs: Abstract. We will write a custom essay sample on Labovian Narrative Analysis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Orientation. Complicating Action. Evaluation. and Coda. In add-on. I used general Labovian narration theory to depict the temporal construction and map of Lisa’s narrative ; nevertheless. I have refrained from utilizing the term Resolution due to its ambiguity in Labov’s literature. Below. in Narrative A. the narrative has been transcribed to ease the undermentioned narrative analysis. Each independent clause is numbered. and all dependent clauses are indented below them. Narrative A: An history of Lisa’s extrasensory experience ( 1 ) Yeah. one time I had this truly interesting extrasensory experience ( 2 ) Uh. back when I was in High School in Sydney in approximately 1977. ( 3 ) my parents were house hunting( 4 ) and silent and I were look intoing out a house in Killara they were interested in. ( 5 ) Equally shortly as we stepped through the front door into the broad. sunstruck hall. ( 6 ) we were both impressed by the welcoming atmosphere in the house. ( 7 ) There were one or two pieces of furniture in the hallway including an old-timer tray tabular array which had truly old Castor wheels on it the type that don’t turn over really easy even on smooth floors like that hall. ( 8 ) The tray tabular array was standing somewhat at an angle to the wall and the forepart border was about 2 inches farther out from the wall than the rear border. ( 9 ) I noticed all this because we had been standing in the hall chew the fating to the house proprietor. Mrs. C. for a piece ( 10 ) when a adult male came to the fr ont door. ( 11 ) Mum and I were confronting off from the door and towards the tabular array. ( 12 ) Mrs. C at the door had her back turned( 13 ) but her visitant at the front door had a clear position of it ( the tabular array ) ( 14 ) No-one was standing within 5 pess of the tabular array( 15 ) and no-one was traveling about to do the floor to travel ( 16 ) but that table really swimmingly and intentionally moved in on its ain towards the wall to sit neatly parallel to it. ( 17 ) The silence was deafening! ( 18 ) The adult male at the door stopped talking for several seconds ( 19 ) so pointed at the tabular array( 20 ) and in a really rickety voice said â€Å"That table merely moved! † . ( 21 ) Mrs C merely kind of said â€Å"hmmm†( 22 ) and concluded the conversation.( 23 ) He left.( 24 ) she turned back to us.( 25 ) and continued our confab( 26 ) as though nil had happened.( 27 ) Suffice to state that was merely the first brush of several I had in that house. Section 2: Results A ; Analysis In the undermentioned subdivisions. I foremost describe the general qualities of each narrative class ; 2nd. explicate Lisa’s narrative in footings of the narrative classs ; and. 3rd. show the analysis of Lisa’s narrative in footings of Labovian narrative theory. Section 2. 05: The Most Reportable Event Before plunging headfirst into the analysis. it will turn out advantageous to specify the term most reportable event ( MRE ) . Harmonizing to Labov. any given narration is constructed around the MRE. It is the ground for the narrative in the first topographic point. Generally it refers to an uncommon or rare event that greatly affects the participants involved. The more uncommon the event appears. the less credibleness it will keep. and frailty versa. Thus it is necessary for the narrative to set up credibleness elsewhere. otherwise the narration will ensue in failure. Section 2. 1: Abstraction Abstractions. like those in academic articles. occur at the beginning of texts and supply a compendious description of the information to follow. In a sense. they indicate what the reader can anticipate the article to be approximately. In footings of personal narrations. the Abstract informs the hearer what the narrative will be approximately and that it will get down shortly thenceforth. Clause ( 1 ) of Lisa’s narrative is a great illustration of narrative abstracts: ( 1 ) Yeah. one time I had this truly interesting extrasensory experience Lisa begins her narrative by briefly saying that she experienced something beyond the normal scope of account. This statement informs the hearer that they can anticipate a narrative and decision out of the ordinary. Section 2. 2: Orientation Immediately following the Abstract. the talker sets the scene by orientating the hearer to the environing elements involved in the narrative. Labovian narrative theory refers to this as the Orientation. It has two intents: foremost. to locate the clip. topographic point. participants. and general occurrences of the narrative ; and 2nd. to set up the credibleness of the MRE. The Orientation establishes credibleness by get downing the narrative with an event that would be foolish to inquire approximately. such as ordinary events. which are events that lack involvement in themselves ( Labov. 2002 ) . Common lingual characteristics of the Orientation are past uninterrupted verbs and temporal adjuncts. In Lisa’s narrative the Orientation begins with clauses ( 2-4 ) : ( 2 ) Uh. back when I was in High School in Sydney in approximately 1977. ( 3 ) my parents were house hunting ( 4 ) and silent and I were look intoing out a house in Killara they were interested in.Here. she presents the background information needed to continue with the balance of the narrative: Sydney. a house. Lisa and others. and an unfastened house walk-through. There is no ground to inquire about how these events came approximately. because they are so commonplace. Therefore. the credibleness of the narration is non in inquiry. In add-on to clauses ( 2-4 ) . clauses ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) can be considered portion of the Orientation as good. because they contribute to the scene ; nevertheless. they have been incorporated into the Complicating Action. Unfortunately. I will non discourse the Orientation any farther due to infinite restraints. Section 2. 3: Complicating Action The Complicating Action is the narrative proper. It is what the Abstract and Orientation set up to be told. Generally it contains a set of consecutive clauses. called a narrative concatenation. which leads up to the narrative’s MRE. Each consecutive clause efforts to reply the inquiry â€Å"what happened following? † and can utilize the simple yesteryear or present tenses to travel the narrative forward. In footings of Lisa’s narrative. the Complicating Action is bookended by clauses ( 5 ) and ( 16 ) the story’s MRE. But. non all the clauses in between can be considered clauses of perplexing action. This is because they are non a portion of the narrative concatenation and service as retrospective observations. For case. clauses ( 11-15 ) focal point on the participants’ propinquity and orientation to the tabular array ; they do non come on the narrative forward. In fact. by concentrating on these ordinary events. they slow down the narrative and ris e the expectancy of the most reportable event. If we remove all the clauses that do non lend to the forward motion. the true narrative concatenation becomes evident: ( 5 ) Equally shortly as we stepped through the front door into the broad. sunstruck hall. ( 6 ) we were both impressed by the welcoming atmosphere in the house. ( 9 ) I noticed all this because we had been standing in the hall chew the fating to the house proprietor. Mrs. C. for a piece ( 10 ) when a adult male came to the front door. ( 16 ) but that table really swimmingly and intentionally moved in on its ain towards the wall to sit neatly parallel to it.These five clauses constitute the Complicating Action and. as we can see. it is comparatively short in comparing to the full narrative. Although clause ( 10 ) is necessary for the Evaluation. even the man’s debut is non critical to the narrative’s patterned advance. It is possible at that place was non much of a narrative to state. but because the credibleness of the MRE was questionable. embroidery of the narrative concatenation with ordinary. hence less questionable. events increased the credibleness of the MRE and produced a longer narrative. Section 2. 4: Evaluation The Evaluation subdivision serves a few intents. first it justifies the narrative and the talker for keeping the floor for every bit long as they have ; 2nd. it serves to set up the MRE as the ground for the narrative ; and 3rd. it provides information about what happened after the MRE and its affects on those take parting. Common lingual characteristics in appraising clauses are modals. negatives. appraising commentary. embedded address. and irrealis clauses. Clause ( 17 ) begins the Evaluation subdivision in Lisa’s narrative: ( 17 ) The silence was deafening! At this point in the narrative. it seems that the table’s eldritch motion has elicited a reaction perceptibly different from earlier events. one of deafening silence. If we assume the silence occurred during a conversation. so. in footings of Conversation Analysis. the table’s motion one-sidedly ended the conversation without negociating a shutting. therefore interrupting the norm. If no reaction were elicited. there would hold been no narrative to state. Therefore the reactionist silence serves as evidences for the narrative and establishes the MRE as the ground for the narrative. The balance of the Evaluation. clauses ( 18-26 ) . reads like a narrative concatenation in a complicating action. Except for ( 26 ) . each clause is consecutive and in simple past tense. However. unlike clauses of perplexing action. they do non come on towards an MRE. Alternatively they describe the assorted reactions to the MRE in sequence. including a deictic gesture. possible ambivalency. and going. Section 2. 5: Finale At the terminal of the narrative. the Coda maps to return the narrative to the present tense and inform the hearer that the narrative has concluded. It is frequently accompanied by a â€Å"timeless† statement. In Lisa’s narrative. the concluding clause acts as the Coda: ( 27 ) Suffice to state that was merely the first brush of several I had in that house. Lisa concludes her narrative by saying she will state nil beyond the fact that she has more narratives to state. She explains how it all terminals by stating it does non stop rather at that place. Section 3: Decision After dissecting Lisa’s narrative with a Labovian scalpel. this paper has shown that narrations are non merely simple retellings of events ; instead they are complex buildings with functional intent. As shown above. narrations have an internal construction that can be broken up into distinguishable classs: Abstract. Orientation. Complicating Action. Evaluation. and Coda. Each class provides a necessary map for the narrative. and while some hold flexible places. others do non. Ultimately. the end of a narrative is to inform the hearer of the most reportable event. while continuing its credibleness. To make otherwise would ensue in failure and a decrease of societal standing for the storyteller. As a side note. it would be interesting to look into the construction of Evaluations in other narrations and compare them with Lisa’s. It seemed to me that the reaction to the MRE had higher significance than the MRE did. but because I presently lack experience and cognition in th e field of narrative theory. I can non back up my statement. Mentions Labov. W. ( 1997 ) . Some farther stairss in narrative analysis. The diary of narrative andlife history. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Trapa bicornis. upenn. edu/~wlabov/sfs. hypertext markup language Labov. W. ( 2002. February 2 ) . Ordinary events. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. Trapa bicornis. upenn. edu/~wlabov/Papers/OE. pdfLabov. W. ( 2011. January 1 ) . Oral narrations of personal experience. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. Trapa bicornis. upenn. edu/~wlabov/Papers/FebOralNarPE. pdf

Tips for Learning Students Names and Remembering Them

Tips for Learning Students' Names and Remembering Them Learning your students names is essential if you want to create a good rapport and establish a comfortable atmosphere in the classroom. Teachers who learn students names quickly, help reduce feelings of anxiety and nervousness that most students experience during the first few weeks back to school. Here are a variety of tips and tricks to help you remember names and ease those first week jitters. Seating Chart Use a seating chart for the first few weeks of school until you can put names and faces together. Greet Students by Name Everyday greet your students by name. When they enter the classroom make sure to use their name in a short comment. Pair Students in Groups Create a quick questionnaire about what the likes and dislikes of your students are. Then group them together according to their choices. The point of this activity is to help you remember students by associating them with their preferences. Wear Name Tags For the first week or so have students wear name tags. For the younger children, place the name tag on their back so they wont feel the urge to rip it off. Name Cards Place a name card at each students desk. This is not only a great way for you to remember their names, but it will help the classmates remember as well. Memorize by Number Beginning the first day of school, strive to memorize a set number of students each day. You can memorize by number, color, name etc. Use a Mnemonic Device Associate each student with something physical. Relate the students name, such as George, with the Gorge. (Quinn with a pin) Associate Related Names A great memory trick is to associate a name with a person you know that has the same name. For example, if you have a student named Jimmy who has short brown hair, then imagine your brother Jimmys long hair on little Jimmys head. This visual link will help you remember little Jimmys name in no time. Create a Rhyme Create a silly rhyme to help you remember students names. Jim is slim, Kim likes to swim, Jake likes snakes, Jill can juggle, etc. Rhymes are a fun way to help you learn and remember quickly. Use Photographs Have students bring in a photo of their-self on the first day, or take a picture of each student yourself. Place their photo next to their name on your attendance or seating chart. This will help you correlate and remember names with faces. Create Photo Flashcards To help you remember students names quickly, take photos of each child and create photo flashcards. Photo Memory Game Take photos of each student and then create a photo memory game with them. This is a great activity for the students to learn their classmates faces, as well as give you a chance to learn them too! Play Im Going on a Trip Game Have students sit in a circle on the carpet and play the Im going on a trip game. The game begins like this, My name is Janelle, and I am taking sunglasses with me. The next student says, Her name is Janelle, and she is taking sunglasses with her and my name is Brady and I am taking a toothbrush with me. Go around the circle until all students have gone and you are the last to go. With you being the last person to recite all the students names, you will be surprised how many you remember. Being able to identify a student by name make a take a few weeks but with these tips and tricks you will learn them in no time. Just like all the other back to school procedures and routines, it takes time and patience, but it will come.

Short primary source essay World War II & the post-war world

Short primary source World War II & the post-war world - Essay Example The World War II severely razed lots of civilians making it a backcloth for genocide killings. It involved the killings by Nazi Germany and other mass slaughters of non-combats. Japan did an extermination of millions of Chinese and Korean nationals. The Soviet Union also carried out mass killings internally with Allies bombing no-combatants in Germany and Japanese. The war ended with the number of dead being more than fifty million. World War II involved battles that were fought in the air, on land and at sea. Among the well documented wars are as follows; Battle of Britain (1940), Stalingrad, El Alamein (1942-1943), Battle of Bugle (1944-1945) and Iwo Jima (1945). In 1944, there was a famous D-Day landing that was considered a turning point in the event of war. It did result to deliverance of Paris, and giving room for Allied forces to draw near Germany. The years after the end of the World War II have seen a remarkable change in Europe and the entire world it once dominated. Before the war, the world was in two spheres led by an exterior power: western sphere by United States and Eastern sphere by Soviet Union. The European countries that dominated colonial empires since Renaissance did lose their power for good. It is in these years that new European initiatives like economic cooperation between countries and political unions were been formed to exceptional extents. It brought the most possessions in the European history. Though Europe’s mighty declined, its impact continues overseas. World War II did leave a power gap in Europe. Initially, Germany, France and Britain were Europe’s leaders and world’s superpowers. The weakness resulting from the World War II left them outranked by United States and the Soviet Union. The two superpowers used Europe as their ground for conflicts. There emerged a cold war between the superpowers with the first round in 1949

Western Civilization Vs their Colonies Civilization Essay

Western Civilization Vs their Colonies Civilization - Essay Example Western Civilization Vs their Colonies Civilization The main objective of this essay is to deliberate on the claim without biasness and give backing of the arguments with documented information. Other sectors argue that science and technology become the rulers of the world rather than agriculture and survival; is this civilization or modernization2. Humans have been in existence for over a million years yet civilization is only 5000 years old. According to Global Hegemony and the rise of technology3, technology becomes a necessity for economic requirements and this seems to support the claim of the western Europeans that they were more civilized. According to Carlyle, industrialization becomes the victory of man over nature. To an extent this purported claim and made the British feel superior that others and imposed their beliefs on others. As their technologies grow the European forcibly put down others civilizations if they did not agree to their ways. This put a pose or question mark on the civilization claim of the European since civilization is supposed to be a good thing why forced others. The approach of the western European to force other on civilization brought more question on their intent than purpose. The European has assisted in the transportation system, communication and other aspect of technology; however, they borrowed the concepts from others such as Asians and even some from part of Africa such as Egypt. This borrowing makes it difficult to whole heartedly give the Western European all the credits about the civilization in their colonies. Iraq, India, China, Egypt, Central America and then the Barbarian West are all credited for the civilization growth in the world. Why would Western European claim that they were more superior yet they borrowed their technologies? It is in order to conclude that they were more civilized; however, wrong to purport that others were uncivilized. The civilization the European claim so much is a bout the development of cities; however, civilization is broader than the cities and claiming technologies overtook agriculture and survival negate the definition of civilization. The above arguments do not dispute the claim that European were civilized than their colonies but emphasize the understanding of civilization. Further more, it their give a chance to reflect between civilization and modernization4. The two are clearly different one is based on technology advancement the other focuses more on the living jointly and cooperatively. A swing had happened as an effect of the industrial revolution. Asian civilizations, like China, Africa civilization, like Egypt and other civilizations, which were once considered impressive and steady5. European countries or nations viewed the earth or universe through the aspect of technology and disregarded any consideration for civilization. As their technology advanced, Europeans expanded to other nations in order to spread their superior ideas and inventions. When civilization is considered in regards to Afric a; Western European were more advanced technology wise. The European considered Africa culture as devoid of technology and primitive. If Africa had the resources as the Western or other nations would they be considered primitive? Opportunities and resources facilitated the civilization or technology advancement of the Western6. When we consider the definition of

Wheel of Change Sustainability Tool Essay Example for Free

Wheel of Change Sustainability Tool Essay Bob Doppelts Wheel of Change is a great tool for companies that seriously want to change their operations towards sustainability. According to Bob Doppelt, organizations can have the best intentions for improving and moving in a more sustainable direction, yet they fall prey to sustainability blunders. These blunders are: 1- Patriarchal thinking that leads to a false sense of security. This is the most serious of blunders. Employees who are not empowered and only take directives from superiors will lack in personal responsibility to drive change. 2- Silo approach to environmental and socio-economic Issues. Organizations where functions work independent of each other, like islands, have difficulty grasping a 360 view of the companies procedures and opportunity areas. This silo ed approach is an impediment to change. 3- No clear vision on sustainability. Without a clear vision change is not possible. 4- Confusion over cause and effect. When an organization focuses on the symptoms of a problem rather than the root cause of the problem, then the impact on sustainability will not be optimal. 5- Lack of information. Today, more than ever, transparency and the sharing of data are critical aspects in driving employee engagement, customer loyalty and stakeholder support. Transparency is key in driving change. 6- Insufficient mechanism for learning. Organizations that lack an openness to innovation and who do not promote a safe environment for testing and learning will find it very difficult to change their ways. 7- Failure to institutionalize sustainability. For change to happen within and organization, sustainability has to be baked into all aspects of a business. What the wheel of change provides a framework that helps organizations overcome the seven sustainability blunders. The wheel counteracts each blunder with a sort of antidote that, if followed accordingly, guarantees successful implementation for sustainable change. The seven interventions are: Intervention One – Change the dominant mindset through the imperative of achieving sustainability. Organizations need to disrupt the controlling mental models in place. Status Quo needs to be shattered. How can you bring it to life? Relentless and compelling messages from senior executives that make the case for sustainability. Intervention Two – Rearrange the parts by organizing transition teams. Cross functional team involvement and representation from all levels is required. Each team should be as diverse as possible to minimize the risk for status quo perpetuation. Teams will develop new goals and strategies as well as implement plans. Best Practice Example: The Herman Miller company maintains an Environmental Quality Action Team, composed of nine sustainability driven subcommittees. Intervention Three – Change goals by crafting an ideal vision and guiding sustainability principles. Leading organizations use end planning to craft the vision of the new sustainable enterprise. A compelling vision will be felt by the heart and understood by the mind. Best Practice Example: Scandic Hotels adopted a vision towards â€Å"resource caring†. A simple yet compelling way of communicating its objective for waste reduction. Intervention Four – Restructure the rules of engagement by adopting new strategies. Alter the rules that determine how work gets done. Align the rules to the vision. How to bring this to life: Change internal procedures, strategies, tactics and implementation processes in alignment with the new vision. Intervention 5 – Shift information flow by tirelessly Communicating the need, the vision and the strategies. Communication must be consistent, persistent, engaging and transparent. Best Practice Example: At Interface environmental issues are discussed at every staff meeting, every retreat and through internal communication. At one point in time, Ray Anderson said: â€Å"Sustainability has become the language of the company†. Intervention 6 – Correct feedback loops by encouraging and rewarding learning and innovation. Leading organizations have systems set up that allow for accurate feedback to flow as it relates to progress and setbacks. These organizations also reward those willing to take risks, experiment and learn. Best Practice Example: Henkel incorporated the â€Å"Henkel Innovation Awards† awarded to employees who develop sustainable products. Intervention 7 – Adjust the parameters by aligning systems and structures with sustainability. Change towards sustainability is an iterative process. To some extent, Change   Sustainability. In conclusion, The Wheel of Change demonstrates how the seven interventions interact with one another to form continuous transformation and improvements in line with a sustainability imperative.

Affirmative Action :: Affirmative Action Essays

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"under representationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of any racial group, it was decided, was evidence of discriminationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Guernsey). Affirmative action did not start out as a reverse discrimination towards white males, but it was meant to help everybody, but failed nearly completely after a time of which it was affected. The original concept of affirmative action excluded any mention of preference. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Launched during the late 1960s by the administration of President Richard M. Nixon, affirmative action programs call for guidelines and goals in the hiring of racial and ethnic minorities, the handicapped, and women. They have been effective in promoting change in hiring practices because they have the weight of the federal government behind them. As a direct result, a broader range of opportunities have become available for blacks in government, the corporate world, and colleges and universities. In the beginning, the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ s, when President Johnson used the affirmative action policy it was necessary and effective. At that time there was racial discrimination towards people of all black races in the United States of America, so it was a necessity to have such a law to create equal opportunity, but this was also created to have a racially and gender blind solution. This has turned into a racially unequal program that now has a negative effect on society. Affirmative due to quotas and favoritism towards minorities have a negative effect on society and have created a reverse discrimination. Many years ago there was a mistreatment of blacks and other minorities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“During much of American history, it was generally accepted by white people that blacks were not the same kind of human beings as whites and that slavery was the proper role for black people(Guernsey). People were not permitted to attend certain schools due to their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“color.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? There were separate eating facilities, bathrooms, parks, and drinking fountains for them as well. The first legal sign that the mistreatment of blacks was finally realized when in 1954 the Brown v. Board of Education overturned the Plessey v. Ferguson case. In 1964 there was there was the Civil Rights equal protection laws passed to make discrimination illegal were the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title II and VII of which forbid racial discrimination in "public accommodations" and race and sex discrimination in employment, respectively; and the 1965 Voting Rights Act adopted after Congress fo und "that racial discrimination in voting was an insidious and pervasive evil which had been perpetuated in certain parts of the country through unremitting and ingenious defiance of the Constitution.

Role of Islam in Economic Develpoment

International Ataturk-Alatoo University Role of Islam in Economic Development Done: Aizhamal ZHUMALIEVA Checked: Ibragim KONCAK 2012 Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Statistics and Trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Economics of Wealth Generation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Islamic Merchants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Islamic Law and Economic Growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Islamic Banking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 IntroductionResearchers like Huntington (1996), Landes (1999), and Inglehart and Baker (2000) argue that explanations for economic growth should go further to include a nation’s culture. Their argument absolutely makes sense because culture affects personal traits such as honesty, thrift, willingness to work hard, and openness to stranges, which consequently influences economic outcomes. Religion is thought to be one of the most important dimensions of culture. Thus Weber (1930) argued that religious practices and beliefs had important consequences for economic development.Islam is no exception, just as David Landes, the Harvard economic historian, wrote in his book à ¢â‚¬Å"The Wealth and Poverty of Nations†, â€Å"No one can understand the economic performance of the Muslim nations without attending to the experience of Islam as faith and culture,† In 10th century, which is known as Golden Age for Islam, Muslim societies led the world in science, philosophy, culture and prosperity. But soon it came to the end, and Islamic countries have long lagged behind other countries. It is easy to define with the help of analysis of current international financial data.Those data highlight the great inequality in income between Christian dominant and Muslim dominant countries. The richest countries in the world are those of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Only a small number of Muslim countries approach to their income levels, and this is only due to their oil wealth. In many of Muslim countries income growth is low so that gap is widening. Scholars are sure that it is not just coincidence but Islam has significant influence on economic a scents and descents. If it is so, what role does Islam play in economic performance? How does it affect economic advancement?What spheres and industries does Islam influence? Is there any way to solve the problem? The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between Islam and economy and critique some Islamic mechanisms that drag the economic activity. The first part of the paper suggests some statistical data that reflects general image of economic state of Islamic countries. Next section defines the process of wealth generation and impact of Islam on capital, innovation, and literacy. After, Islamic trading patterns are analyzed. Then Timur Kuran’s, well-known economist, arguments about economic effect of Islam are stated.And the last part reviews Islamic financial institutions. Statistics and Trends Level of economic development, whether measured by per capita income or variables like trade, literacy, science, scholarship and technology, has long been lower in the Islamic world than in Christian world, especially those of in West. Here is one empirical data that prove this situation with income per capita being a dependent variable. Table 1 is a regression model, which include 132 countries covered by the World Development Report for 1995, shows that relationship exists between Islam and per capita income.In the first regression, independent variable is the share of Muslim within total population, this regression indicates statistically significant negative relationship between two variables, but its fit is poor. The second regression, which includes additional independent variable, has considerably better fit. Membership in OPEC turns out to be a significant contributor to income, and location in Subsaharan Africa a highly significant depressor. The Muslim share of population remains very significant negative determinant of income.The model also reflects the fact that the African, South Asian, and East Asian countries with large Muslim mino rities tend to be poorer than countries with Muslim majorities located in the Middle East. Table 1 The Relationship between Islam and Per Capita Income | (1)| (2)| Constant| 3. 33| 3. 55| Share Muslim| -0. 41***(-2. 57)| -2. 07****(-2. 87)| Square Share Muslim| | 1. 76**(2. 29)| OPEC Member| | 0. 42*(2. 20)| Susaharan Africa| | -0. 67*****(-5. 77)| R-squared| 0. 4| 0. 34| Notes: 132 countries were included in the regression. Asterisks *, **, ***, ****, ***** denote significance at the 0. 03, 0. 2, 0. 01, 0. 005, and 0. 0000 levels, respectively. Following charts show the Muslim share of global income and the share of global population. Income share is 5. 98 %, which is strikingly less than population share, which is 19. 22 %. According to this data we can assume that Muslims average income obviously lower than of non-Muslims. In most of the countries, where Muslims live in large numbers, are generally poorer. And few will deny this fact. To investigate how this outcome came up I wil l review the process of wealth creation and the role of Islam in this process. Figure 1 Economics of Wealth GenerationLevel of income in an economy is related to the volume of goods and services produced. The amount of this production in the long term is determined by three factors: the availability and exploitation of natural resource; the quantity of productive capacity in terms of buildings, infrastructure, machinery plant and equipment; and the availability, ability, training and resourcefulness of the workforce. These â€Å"factors of production† are essential to income producing capacities. Natural resource endowment of a country is a matter of circumstance, religion has nothing to do with availability of natural resource.Islamic countries, especially those in the Middle East are very lucky to have oil wealth, the biggest contributor to Muslim economy. Physical resources however are man-made. The availability of these resources depends on accumulation of physical invest ment in building construction, purchase of equipment and maintenance of the stock of these assets. It is here that the culture and religion, Islam in particular, may play a role. In order to create physical productive asset, what economists call â€Å"capital†, long process of planning, risk taking, vision and enterprise are required.Arthur Lewis (1955, 105) argued in his textbook on economic growth: â€Å"Some religions are more compatible with economic growth than others. If religion stress upon material value, upon work, upon thrift and productive investment, upon honesty in commercial relations, upon experimentation and risk bearing, and upon equality of opportunity, it will be helpful to growth, whereas in so far as it is hostile to this things, it tends to inhibit growth. † He did not provide the classifications of religion according to their support for development.But other economists like Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and luigi Zingales did. They conducted a mu ltinational set of surveys that covers sixty-six countries. In a study that appeared in the Journal of Monetary Economics, they noted that, â€Å"on average, Christian religions are more positively associated with attitudes that are conductive to economic growth, while Islam is negatively associated. † In comparison with people of other religion, Muslims were generally less disposed to agree with pro-market statements such as â€Å"Competition is good†, â€Å"private ownership of business an industry should be increased†.It means that Muslims are not willing to adopt industrialization and modernization, without which creation of capital is barely possible. Report clearly indicates that Islam sufficiently discouraging economic development in terms of physical resources. The same opinion had Daniel (19958, 405) who wrote in his best-known work, The Passing of Traditional Society, that â€Å"the top policy problem, for three generations of Middle Eastern leaders, has been whether one must choose between ‘Mecca or Mechanization’ or whether one can make them compatible. He observed that Islam was inimical to the structural changes essential to the Islamic world’s progress. Affirmatively Islam played very effective role in capital creation and obviously negative. So, if country’s aim was to develop, choice would ultimately get resolved in favor of ‘mechanization’. The third factor of production is human resource. This is not jus a matter of population. People need to be educated and trained in order to make use of the physical capital. Religion may play a role here too – possibly negative one.To the question whether Islam contributed to shaping the educational system that limited curiosity and innovation Lewis (1982, 229) answers in the affirmative. But how? Islam highly encourages education. It might have stemmed from the closure of the gate ‘ijtihad’, which meant end of freedom of in novation, independent judgment, and that all answers were already available and needed merely to follow and obey. Treating Islamic learning as perfection helped support an educational system that emphasized rot learning and memorization at the expense of problem solving.Granting that the prevailing educational system must have limited inquisitiveness and innovation, it could have extinguished new ideas and the desire for change. This resulted in overwhelmingly illiterate Muslim population. The scene has not changed a lot in present days either, series of reports for United Nations pointed out that adult literacy rate barely topped fifty percent, which is disastrous for economic development. If there is no human resource who can tackle technology, machinery what are they needed for anyway?The nature of progress is improvements in physical capital over time that deliver increased output for given amount of material and labor input – higher productivity. By labor meant highly ed ucated and trained people, whom obviously lacks Muslim world. This ‘knowledge deficit’ has severely impeded economic growth. One thing that I cannot skip is the attitude toward women in Islam. In Islam women are inferior to men. Recent figures from the International Labor Organizations, published by world Bank, indicate that in the Middle East and North Africa, women comprise 28 % of the total labor force, whereas the world average is 40 %.As a group, these countries have the lowest female labor force participation in the world. One of the lowest figures is Saudi Arabia with 16%. This is reflection of cultural values regarding women in Muslim countries, values inseparable from religious values, which form following consequences. First, it decreases the overall income of country. If women were engaged in paid employment, increasing the labor force by 30%, additional contribution to national income would be around of 10%. Second, this limitation reduces potential producti on.Third, it is associated with higher birth in these countries, which correspondingly per capita income growth rate. So, this Islamic wise about women contribute to relative poverty. Now, as we have obtained sufficient image on how Islam has influenced the process of wealth generation I would like to take a quick look at Muslims trading patterns. Islamic Merchants The fact that Muslims ended up to be poor at trading puzzles me because the founder of Islam, The Prophet Muhammad is believed to have been a merchant, and in one occasion he reportedly said, â€Å"The trustworthy merchant will sit I in the shade of Allah’s throne. It is especially puzzling that Muslim merchants, given that early Islamic thought harbor certain pro-competitive traditions, along with Muslim consumers who stood to benefit from greater competition, failed to counter the anti-competitive influence of the guilds. Sabri Ulgener (1981) suggests that trading patterns were influenced by the economic moralit y associated with Islam. The foremost objective of Muslims’ economic doctrine is to replace the individualistic economic morality with a communalist morality.Which means Muslim do not support private ownership and income inequality, which is necessary to provide incentive for individual effort, and it leads to discouraging consequences for merchants. As private property rights were not protected in Islamic countries it is possible that trade with Muslims or in their countries was inefficient, and merchants simply avoided having any deal in Muslim world. Of course this is not the only reason for static trading pattern, there are tons of factors that could affect it.We just see that Islamic morality might have had an impact on merchants. Islamic Law and Economic growth The economist Timur Kuran, who grew up in Turkey and teaches at Duke University, traced the causes of fault in achieving industrialization and stable growth in his well acclaimed book, The Long Divergence: How Is lamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Islamic societies were slow to develop banks, commercial courts, joint stock companies, and the business organizations, for which Kuran blames social customs and religious rules, i. . Islamic laws. He focuses on laws covering business partnership and inheritance practices. These, he argues, discouraged the emergence of modern industrial corporations. In medieval times, trading partnership was the leading form of the business in the Middle East. In Islamic partnership any individual partner could end the relationship at will, and even the most successful ventures were terminated on the death of partner. As a result of these rule, most businesses tended to be small and short-lived.By the end of nineteenth century, the most durable trading entities in many Islamic countries were operated by non-Muslims, such as Armenians and Jews, Kuran adds, these organizations too were limited in their ability to raise money from outsiders because the region lacke d non-governmental financial channels. And this held back the establishment of corporations which would do huge contributions to economy. The other thing, according to Kuran, which hindered business consolidation is inheritance customs. Quran dictated that if Muslim merchant died at least two-third of his estate had to be split among surviving family members.This egalitarian Islamic law of inheritance discouraged the accumulation of wealth by dividing it among family members. The permissibility of polygamy fueled this problem as it divided the assets of wealthy merchants with multiple wives and children. Further, it prevented the creation of long-lasting, capital-intensive companies. These provocative claims are not backed up by statistical and empirical works, they generally derived basing only on a history. One can argue that claims are just hollow claims as Adeel Malik, professor in University of Oxford, did.But Kuran’s claims are sound and rational. In Western countries f or instance giant corporations were vital part of economic engine, which fueled prosperity, and they didn’t have any rules slightly related to those of Islamic. This could mean that Kuran is right with his arguments and Muslims should pay a little attention to them and may be check up their rules and see whether it is compatible with modern economic and financial system. Islamic Banking While investigating Islamic economy, it is impossible to ignore their financial system.Islamic economic doctrine on prohibition against riba, Arabic word which means â€Å"interest† or â€Å"usury†, is widely known. Muslim world convinced that conventional financial system is decadent, immoral and inequitable. However, in modern world, the one who is out of this system is out of economic advancement because financial institutions are the only monetary support for a business investment. Muslims may think that Muslim lenders and borrowers have long found their own ways to circumven t, but some data prove the opposite. First of all Islamic Banks are deficient.These banks exist not in all predominantly Islamic nations. They have constituted only a small share of the national banking system. For instance in thirteen out of fifteen major Islamic countries listed by Henry and Wilson (2004 b:7), Islamic banks accounted for less than 17% of the share of commercial bank deposits in late 1990s, in Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Syria, and Tunisia Islamic banks were nonexistent or minuscule. By the year 2000 only three countries – Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan- had Islamized their banking system.The implication of this information is that Islamic bank appears to be important in only very small number of Muslim countries. Shortage of banks is huge obstacle for new investments and emergence of any industrial businesses. Furthermore, Islamic banks are at a competitive disadvantage before other domestic or foreign bans for three reasons. First, a problem of moral h azard arises. Second, accounts in an Islamic bank must yield a return at least close to that of their competitors in order to attract deposits.Third, these banks are burdened with a curious problem of adverse selection. So, the future of Islamic banking does not seem to be glowing. As we see, the prohibition on interest serves no beneficial purpose. Elaborate scheme to circumvent such transactions because of their supposed immorality or due to their prohibition serve no purpose but except to increase costs and increase inefficiency. Conclusion This paper has reviewed important areas of economic activity and the role of Islam in it. And religion affirmatively has great influence on economy of Islamic world.Basing on all finding I conclude that Islam was inconductive to economic development, or at least less supportive than was Christian dominant countries. Few Muslims appreciated the discoveries and innovation, which has been fatal cause for physical resource or capital. The nature o f Islamic education was not helpful in developing open minded citizens fully equipped to fulfill their ambitions and potential. Islamic attitude toward women negatively affects production and income. Very few Muslims were seeking to capitalize, which caused uncomfortable conditions for merchants.The constraints and costs imposed on financial institutions by the nominal prohibition on interest payments preclude a free market in financial capital, causing inefficiencies, moral hazard in banking system, and limiting the funds for investment. These were drawbacks of religion that possibly caused stagnation in Islamic countries. And of course there are ways of getting out of this situation. Recent history provides examples of Muslim countries seeking to engage I the global economy and some of them succeeding.Indonesia, for instance, in 2008 its inflation adjusted GDP per capita was five and half times what it was in 1990, in Malasia during the same period, it rose almost six fold. Just a generation ago, both of these nations were overwhelmingly rural and poverty stricken. Today, they are industrialized middle-income countries. May be some Islamic countries should follow the lead of Turkey, the country which was transformed into an economically vibrant democracy. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of Turkish Republic, in 1929 abolished the caliphate and imposed strict church-state divide.After 1980, Turgut Ozal removed barriers to foreign trade and investment. Party’s Islamic heritage hasn’t prevented it from embracing a policy of economic modernization. Today, Turkey is the world's fifteenth-largest economy and a member of G-20. Example of Turkey suggests that it is possible to industrialize, modernize and still be faithful to religion, but Islam should not intervene in economic and political activities for its own sake, this will prevent Islam from being changed under the political influence and will maintain its cleanness.So, Islamic countries are not i n perfect condition, however they have all opportunities to prosper. This research paper analyzed just some of the factors, further researches and surveys needs to be conducted to identify other possible problems of static economy of Muslim world and to provide empirical and statistical information on Timur Kuran’s arguments. References Role of Islam in Economic Develpoment International Ataturk-Alatoo University Role of Islam in Economic Development Done: Aizhamal ZHUMALIEVA Checked: Ibragim KONCAK 2012 Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Statistics and Trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Economics of Wealth Generation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Islamic Merchants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Islamic Law and Economic Growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Islamic Banking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 IntroductionResearchers like Huntington (1996), Landes (1999), and Inglehart and Baker (2000) argue that explanations for economic growth should go further to include a nation’s culture. Their argument absolutely makes sense because culture affects personal traits such as honesty, thrift, willingness to work hard, and openness to stranges, which consequently influences economic outcomes. Religion is thought to be one of the most important dimensions of culture. Thus Weber (1930) argued that religious practices and beliefs had important consequences for economic development.Islam is no exception, just as David Landes, the Harvard economic historian, wrote in his book à ¢â‚¬Å"The Wealth and Poverty of Nations†, â€Å"No one can understand the economic performance of the Muslim nations without attending to the experience of Islam as faith and culture,† In 10th century, which is known as Golden Age for Islam, Muslim societies led the world in science, philosophy, culture and prosperity. But soon it came to the end, and Islamic countries have long lagged behind other countries. It is easy to define with the help of analysis of current international financial data.Those data highlight the great inequality in income between Christian dominant and Muslim dominant countries. The richest countries in the world are those of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Only a small number of Muslim countries approach to their income levels, and this is only due to their oil wealth. In many of Muslim countries income growth is low so that gap is widening. Scholars are sure that it is not just coincidence but Islam has significant influence on economic a scents and descents. If it is so, what role does Islam play in economic performance? How does it affect economic advancement?What spheres and industries does Islam influence? Is there any way to solve the problem? The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between Islam and economy and critique some Islamic mechanisms that drag the economic activity. The first part of the paper suggests some statistical data that reflects general image of economic state of Islamic countries. Next section defines the process of wealth generation and impact of Islam on capital, innovation, and literacy. After, Islamic trading patterns are analyzed. Then Timur Kuran’s, well-known economist, arguments about economic effect of Islam are stated.And the last part reviews Islamic financial institutions. Statistics and Trends Level of economic development, whether measured by per capita income or variables like trade, literacy, science, scholarship and technology, has long been lower in the Islamic world than in Christian world, especially those of in West. Here is one empirical data that prove this situation with income per capita being a dependent variable. Table 1 is a regression model, which include 132 countries covered by the World Development Report for 1995, shows that relationship exists between Islam and per capita income.In the first regression, independent variable is the share of Muslim within total population, this regression indicates statistically significant negative relationship between two variables, but its fit is poor. The second regression, which includes additional independent variable, has considerably better fit. Membership in OPEC turns out to be a significant contributor to income, and location in Subsaharan Africa a highly significant depressor. The Muslim share of population remains very significant negative determinant of income.The model also reflects the fact that the African, South Asian, and East Asian countries with large Muslim mino rities tend to be poorer than countries with Muslim majorities located in the Middle East. Table 1 The Relationship between Islam and Per Capita Income | (1)| (2)| Constant| 3. 33| 3. 55| Share Muslim| -0. 41***(-2. 57)| -2. 07****(-2. 87)| Square Share Muslim| | 1. 76**(2. 29)| OPEC Member| | 0. 42*(2. 20)| Susaharan Africa| | -0. 67*****(-5. 77)| R-squared| 0. 4| 0. 34| Notes: 132 countries were included in the regression. Asterisks *, **, ***, ****, ***** denote significance at the 0. 03, 0. 2, 0. 01, 0. 005, and 0. 0000 levels, respectively. Following charts show the Muslim share of global income and the share of global population. Income share is 5. 98 %, which is strikingly less than population share, which is 19. 22 %. According to this data we can assume that Muslims average income obviously lower than of non-Muslims. In most of the countries, where Muslims live in large numbers, are generally poorer. And few will deny this fact. To investigate how this outcome came up I wil l review the process of wealth creation and the role of Islam in this process. Figure 1 Economics of Wealth GenerationLevel of income in an economy is related to the volume of goods and services produced. The amount of this production in the long term is determined by three factors: the availability and exploitation of natural resource; the quantity of productive capacity in terms of buildings, infrastructure, machinery plant and equipment; and the availability, ability, training and resourcefulness of the workforce. These â€Å"factors of production† are essential to income producing capacities. Natural resource endowment of a country is a matter of circumstance, religion has nothing to do with availability of natural resource.Islamic countries, especially those in the Middle East are very lucky to have oil wealth, the biggest contributor to Muslim economy. Physical resources however are man-made. The availability of these resources depends on accumulation of physical invest ment in building construction, purchase of equipment and maintenance of the stock of these assets. It is here that the culture and religion, Islam in particular, may play a role. In order to create physical productive asset, what economists call â€Å"capital†, long process of planning, risk taking, vision and enterprise are required.Arthur Lewis (1955, 105) argued in his textbook on economic growth: â€Å"Some religions are more compatible with economic growth than others. If religion stress upon material value, upon work, upon thrift and productive investment, upon honesty in commercial relations, upon experimentation and risk bearing, and upon equality of opportunity, it will be helpful to growth, whereas in so far as it is hostile to this things, it tends to inhibit growth. † He did not provide the classifications of religion according to their support for development.But other economists like Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and luigi Zingales did. They conducted a mu ltinational set of surveys that covers sixty-six countries. In a study that appeared in the Journal of Monetary Economics, they noted that, â€Å"on average, Christian religions are more positively associated with attitudes that are conductive to economic growth, while Islam is negatively associated. † In comparison with people of other religion, Muslims were generally less disposed to agree with pro-market statements such as â€Å"Competition is good†, â€Å"private ownership of business an industry should be increased†.It means that Muslims are not willing to adopt industrialization and modernization, without which creation of capital is barely possible. Report clearly indicates that Islam sufficiently discouraging economic development in terms of physical resources. The same opinion had Daniel (19958, 405) who wrote in his best-known work, The Passing of Traditional Society, that â€Å"the top policy problem, for three generations of Middle Eastern leaders, has been whether one must choose between ‘Mecca or Mechanization’ or whether one can make them compatible. He observed that Islam was inimical to the structural changes essential to the Islamic world’s progress. Affirmatively Islam played very effective role in capital creation and obviously negative. So, if country’s aim was to develop, choice would ultimately get resolved in favor of ‘mechanization’. The third factor of production is human resource. This is not jus a matter of population. People need to be educated and trained in order to make use of the physical capital. Religion may play a role here too – possibly negative one.To the question whether Islam contributed to shaping the educational system that limited curiosity and innovation Lewis (1982, 229) answers in the affirmative. But how? Islam highly encourages education. It might have stemmed from the closure of the gate ‘ijtihad’, which meant end of freedom of in novation, independent judgment, and that all answers were already available and needed merely to follow and obey. Treating Islamic learning as perfection helped support an educational system that emphasized rot learning and memorization at the expense of problem solving.Granting that the prevailing educational system must have limited inquisitiveness and innovation, it could have extinguished new ideas and the desire for change. This resulted in overwhelmingly illiterate Muslim population. The scene has not changed a lot in present days either, series of reports for United Nations pointed out that adult literacy rate barely topped fifty percent, which is disastrous for economic development. If there is no human resource who can tackle technology, machinery what are they needed for anyway?The nature of progress is improvements in physical capital over time that deliver increased output for given amount of material and labor input – higher productivity. By labor meant highly ed ucated and trained people, whom obviously lacks Muslim world. This ‘knowledge deficit’ has severely impeded economic growth. One thing that I cannot skip is the attitude toward women in Islam. In Islam women are inferior to men. Recent figures from the International Labor Organizations, published by world Bank, indicate that in the Middle East and North Africa, women comprise 28 % of the total labor force, whereas the world average is 40 %.As a group, these countries have the lowest female labor force participation in the world. One of the lowest figures is Saudi Arabia with 16%. This is reflection of cultural values regarding women in Muslim countries, values inseparable from religious values, which form following consequences. First, it decreases the overall income of country. If women were engaged in paid employment, increasing the labor force by 30%, additional contribution to national income would be around of 10%. Second, this limitation reduces potential producti on.Third, it is associated with higher birth in these countries, which correspondingly per capita income growth rate. So, this Islamic wise about women contribute to relative poverty. Now, as we have obtained sufficient image on how Islam has influenced the process of wealth generation I would like to take a quick look at Muslims trading patterns. Islamic Merchants The fact that Muslims ended up to be poor at trading puzzles me because the founder of Islam, The Prophet Muhammad is believed to have been a merchant, and in one occasion he reportedly said, â€Å"The trustworthy merchant will sit I in the shade of Allah’s throne. It is especially puzzling that Muslim merchants, given that early Islamic thought harbor certain pro-competitive traditions, along with Muslim consumers who stood to benefit from greater competition, failed to counter the anti-competitive influence of the guilds. Sabri Ulgener (1981) suggests that trading patterns were influenced by the economic moralit y associated with Islam. The foremost objective of Muslims’ economic doctrine is to replace the individualistic economic morality with a communalist morality.Which means Muslim do not support private ownership and income inequality, which is necessary to provide incentive for individual effort, and it leads to discouraging consequences for merchants. As private property rights were not protected in Islamic countries it is possible that trade with Muslims or in their countries was inefficient, and merchants simply avoided having any deal in Muslim world. Of course this is not the only reason for static trading pattern, there are tons of factors that could affect it.We just see that Islamic morality might have had an impact on merchants. Islamic Law and Economic growth The economist Timur Kuran, who grew up in Turkey and teaches at Duke University, traced the causes of fault in achieving industrialization and stable growth in his well acclaimed book, The Long Divergence: How Is lamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Islamic societies were slow to develop banks, commercial courts, joint stock companies, and the business organizations, for which Kuran blames social customs and religious rules, i. . Islamic laws. He focuses on laws covering business partnership and inheritance practices. These, he argues, discouraged the emergence of modern industrial corporations. In medieval times, trading partnership was the leading form of the business in the Middle East. In Islamic partnership any individual partner could end the relationship at will, and even the most successful ventures were terminated on the death of partner. As a result of these rule, most businesses tended to be small and short-lived.By the end of nineteenth century, the most durable trading entities in many Islamic countries were operated by non-Muslims, such as Armenians and Jews, Kuran adds, these organizations too were limited in their ability to raise money from outsiders because the region lacke d non-governmental financial channels. And this held back the establishment of corporations which would do huge contributions to economy. The other thing, according to Kuran, which hindered business consolidation is inheritance customs. Quran dictated that if Muslim merchant died at least two-third of his estate had to be split among surviving family members.This egalitarian Islamic law of inheritance discouraged the accumulation of wealth by dividing it among family members. The permissibility of polygamy fueled this problem as it divided the assets of wealthy merchants with multiple wives and children. Further, it prevented the creation of long-lasting, capital-intensive companies. These provocative claims are not backed up by statistical and empirical works, they generally derived basing only on a history. One can argue that claims are just hollow claims as Adeel Malik, professor in University of Oxford, did.But Kuran’s claims are sound and rational. In Western countries f or instance giant corporations were vital part of economic engine, which fueled prosperity, and they didn’t have any rules slightly related to those of Islamic. This could mean that Kuran is right with his arguments and Muslims should pay a little attention to them and may be check up their rules and see whether it is compatible with modern economic and financial system. Islamic Banking While investigating Islamic economy, it is impossible to ignore their financial system.Islamic economic doctrine on prohibition against riba, Arabic word which means â€Å"interest† or â€Å"usury†, is widely known. Muslim world convinced that conventional financial system is decadent, immoral and inequitable. However, in modern world, the one who is out of this system is out of economic advancement because financial institutions are the only monetary support for a business investment. Muslims may think that Muslim lenders and borrowers have long found their own ways to circumven t, but some data prove the opposite. First of all Islamic Banks are deficient.These banks exist not in all predominantly Islamic nations. They have constituted only a small share of the national banking system. For instance in thirteen out of fifteen major Islamic countries listed by Henry and Wilson (2004 b:7), Islamic banks accounted for less than 17% of the share of commercial bank deposits in late 1990s, in Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Syria, and Tunisia Islamic banks were nonexistent or minuscule. By the year 2000 only three countries – Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan- had Islamized their banking system.The implication of this information is that Islamic bank appears to be important in only very small number of Muslim countries. Shortage of banks is huge obstacle for new investments and emergence of any industrial businesses. Furthermore, Islamic banks are at a competitive disadvantage before other domestic or foreign bans for three reasons. First, a problem of moral h azard arises. Second, accounts in an Islamic bank must yield a return at least close to that of their competitors in order to attract deposits.Third, these banks are burdened with a curious problem of adverse selection. So, the future of Islamic banking does not seem to be glowing. As we see, the prohibition on interest serves no beneficial purpose. Elaborate scheme to circumvent such transactions because of their supposed immorality or due to their prohibition serve no purpose but except to increase costs and increase inefficiency. Conclusion This paper has reviewed important areas of economic activity and the role of Islam in it. And religion affirmatively has great influence on economy of Islamic world.Basing on all finding I conclude that Islam was inconductive to economic development, or at least less supportive than was Christian dominant countries. Few Muslims appreciated the discoveries and innovation, which has been fatal cause for physical resource or capital. The nature o f Islamic education was not helpful in developing open minded citizens fully equipped to fulfill their ambitions and potential. Islamic attitude toward women negatively affects production and income. Very few Muslims were seeking to capitalize, which caused uncomfortable conditions for merchants.The constraints and costs imposed on financial institutions by the nominal prohibition on interest payments preclude a free market in financial capital, causing inefficiencies, moral hazard in banking system, and limiting the funds for investment. These were drawbacks of religion that possibly caused stagnation in Islamic countries. And of course there are ways of getting out of this situation. Recent history provides examples of Muslim countries seeking to engage I the global economy and some of them succeeding.Indonesia, for instance, in 2008 its inflation adjusted GDP per capita was five and half times what it was in 1990, in Malasia during the same period, it rose almost six fold. Just a generation ago, both of these nations were overwhelmingly rural and poverty stricken. Today, they are industrialized middle-income countries. May be some Islamic countries should follow the lead of Turkey, the country which was transformed into an economically vibrant democracy. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of Turkish Republic, in 1929 abolished the caliphate and imposed strict church-state divide.After 1980, Turgut Ozal removed barriers to foreign trade and investment. Party’s Islamic heritage hasn’t prevented it from embracing a policy of economic modernization. Today, Turkey is the world's fifteenth-largest economy and a member of G-20. Example of Turkey suggests that it is possible to industrialize, modernize and still be faithful to religion, but Islam should not intervene in economic and political activities for its own sake, this will prevent Islam from being changed under the political influence and will maintain its cleanness.So, Islamic countries are not i n perfect condition, however they have all opportunities to prosper. This research paper analyzed just some of the factors, further researches and surveys needs to be conducted to identify other possible problems of static economy of Muslim world and to provide empirical and statistical information on Timur Kuran’s arguments. References